M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihine Bak\u0131\u015f<\/p>\n
Eski M\u0131s\u0131r, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en uzun soluklu ve en etkileyici medeniyetlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 y\u0131l boyunca geli\u015fmi\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bu uygarl\u0131k, \u00f6zellikle piramitleri, an\u0131tsal mimarisi ve hiyeroglif yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi konusunda yap\u0131lan akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerini, siyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve dini inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 \u015fekilde ele almaktad\u0131r. Ancak, baz\u0131 alternatif tarih ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerini Mu K\u0131tas\u0131, Atlantis veya d\u00fcnya d\u0131\u015f\u0131 varl\u0131klarla ili\u015fkilendirmektedir. Bilimsel kan\u0131tlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu iddialar tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da, kay\u0131p medeniyet efsanelerinin k\u00f6keni, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kolektif haf\u0131zas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Arkeologlar ve M\u0131s\u0131rbilimciler (Egiptologlar), M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Paleolitik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Nil Vadisi\u2019nde bulunan ta\u015f aletler, b\u00f6lgedeki insan yerle\u015fiminin 500.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir (Hassan, 1988).<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6. 12.000 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda, Sahra b\u00f6lgesinde meydana gelen kurakla\u015fma s\u00fcreci, avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 Nil Vadisi\u2019ne g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Neolitik (Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131) k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve ilk tar\u0131msal k\u00f6yler olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Butzer, 1976).<\/p>\n
M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Geleneksel anlat\u0131ya g\u00f6re, bu birli\u011fi sa\u011flayan ki\u015fi efsanevi kral Menes\u2019tir. Ancak arkeolojik buluntular, bu s\u00fcrecin Kral Narmer taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Hierakonpolis\u2019te bulunan Narmer Levhas\u0131, Narmer\u2019in Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 fethederek birle\u015fik bir krall\u0131k kurdu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir (Wilkinson, 2010).<\/p>\n
M\u0131s\u0131r tarihini s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla, Antik M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Manetho taraf\u0131ndan 31 hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu hanedanl\u0131klar genel olarak alt\u0131 ana d\u00f6neme ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Erken Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi (M.\u00d6. 2920-2650)<\/p>\n
Eski Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi (M.\u00d6. 2650-2134)<\/p>\n
Orta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi (M.\u00d6. 2040-1640)<\/p>\n
Yeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi (M.\u00d6. 1550-1070)<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7 D\u00f6nem (M.\u00d6. 712-332)<\/p>\n
Helenistik D\u00f6nem (M.\u00d6. 332-M.S. 30)<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemlendirme, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011fi\u015fimleri anlamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da piramitlerin en g\u00f6rkemli \u015fekilde in\u015fa edildi\u011fi d\u00f6nem, Eski Krall\u0131k (M.\u00d6. 2650-2134) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde firavunlar tanr\u0131sal y\u00f6neticiler olarak kabul edilmekteydi ve bu inan\u0131\u015f piramitlerin in\u015fa edilmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk piramit, 3. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc firavunu olan Djoser (Coser) (M.\u00d6. 2630-2611) taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mimar \u0130mhotep taraf\u0131ndan tasarlanan Basamakl\u0131 Piramit, piramit mimarisinin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fidir (Lehner, 1997).<\/p>\n
Daha sonraki firavunlar taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen piramitler aras\u0131nda en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fck Piramit (Khufu Piramidi) olarak bilinen yap\u0131d\u0131r. 4. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc firavunlar\u0131ndan biri olan Khufu (Keops) (M.\u00d6. 2551-2528) taraf\u0131ndan Giza Platosu\u2019nda in\u015fa ettirilen bu piramit, 146 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fiyle Antik D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir (Verner, 2001).<\/p>\n
Giza\u2019daki di\u011fer \u00f6nemli piramitler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Kefren Piramidi (M.\u00d6. 2520-2494)<\/p>\n
Mikerinos Piramidi (M.\u00d6. 2490-2472)<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde in\u015fa edilen piramitler, firavunlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra ilahi bir varl\u0131k olarak kabul edilece\u011fi inanc\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. Piramitlerin astronomik hizalanmalar\u0131n\u0131n Orion Tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 ile ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu hipotezi, M\u0131s\u0131r’daki dini ve kozmolojik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 destekleyen \u00f6nemli bir kan\u0131tt\u0131r (Bauval & Gilbert, 1994).<\/p>\n
Orta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi’nde (M.\u00d6. 2040-1640), M\u0131s\u0131r, merkezi otoritenin yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde firavunlar askeri seferlerle topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015f, sanat ve mimaride \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler kaydetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Yeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi (M.\u00d6. 1550-1070) ise M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu zaman dilimidir. Bu d\u00f6nemde firavunlar, Hititler ve Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131yla rekabet etmi\u015flerdir. II. Ramses (M.\u00d6. 1279-1213), M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc firavunlar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilir ve Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 (M.\u00d6. 1274) ile \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli dini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerinden biri Aton dini reformudur. IV. Amenhotep (Akhenaton) (M.\u00d6. 1353-1336), \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 inanc\u0131 terk ederek Aton (G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131)’n\u0131 tek tanr\u0131 olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir. Bu reform, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n dinsel yap\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131r\u0131lma yaratm\u0131\u015f, ancak firavunun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra eski inan\u00e7 sistemi yeniden tesis edilmi\u015ftir (Redford, 1984).<\/p>\n
Eski M\u0131s\u0131r inan\u00e7 sisteminde firavunlar, “Ra’n\u0131n O\u011flu” unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ilahi fig\u00fcrlerden biri olmu\u015f ve firavunlar kendilerini Ra\u2019n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcileri olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Piramit metinleri ve tap\u0131nak yaz\u0131tlar\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki ya\u015fam\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar i\u00e7in merkezi bir kavram oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Piramitlerin, firavunlar\u0131n ruhunun g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne y\u00fckselmesi i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Allen, 2005).<\/p>\n
Eski M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, geli\u015fmi\u015f m\u00fchendislik bilgisi, dini rit\u00fcelleri ve astronomi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla insanl\u0131k tarihine y\u00f6n vermi\u015ftir. Ancak, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi ve piramitler hakk\u0131nda hala a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok bilinmez bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130lerleyen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar:<\/p>\n
Piramitlerin in\u015fas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan m\u00fchendislik y\u00f6ntemlerini daha iyi anlamay\u0131,<\/p>\n
M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer uygarl\u0131klarla k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimini detayland\u0131rmay\u0131,<\/p>\n
Ley hatlar\u0131 ve kutsal geometri ba\u011flam\u0131nda piramitlerin konumlar\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmeyi hedeflemelidir.<\/p>\n
Kaynak\u00e7a<\/p>\n
Allen, J. P. (2005). The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.<\/p>\n
Bauval, R., & Gilbert, A. (1994). The Orion Mystery: Unlocking the Secrets of the Pyramids. Random House.<\/p>\n
Butzer, K. W. (1976). Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n
Lehner, M. (1997). The Complete Pyramids. Thames & Hudson.<\/p>\n
Verner, M. (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt\u2019s Great Monuments. Grove Press.<\/p>\n
Wilkinson, T. (2010). The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. Random House.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihine Bak\u0131\u015f Eski M\u0131s\u0131r, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en uzun soluklu ve en etkileyici medeniyetlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 y\u0131l boyunca geli\u015fmi\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bu uygarl\u0131k, \u00f6zellikle piramitleri, an\u0131tsal mimarisi ve hiyeroglif yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile tan\u0131n\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi konusunda yap\u0131lan akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerini, siyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve dini inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[895,891,900,881,886,893,884,890,897,898,882,878,888,879,887,885,889,894,899,880,892,883,896],"class_list":["post-1383","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kutsal-geometri","tag-1976-misirin-siyasi-birligi-ve-devletlesme-sureci-misir-tarihinin-ilk-buyuk-siyasi-donusumu","tag-1988-m-o-12-000-yili-civarinda","tag-2010-misir-tarihini-siniflandirmak-amaciyla","tag-anitsal-mimarisi-ve-hiyeroglif-yazisi-ile-taninir-misir-tarihi-konusunda-yapilan-akademik-calismalar","tag-atlantis-veya-dunya-disi-varliklarla-iliskilendirmektedir-bilimsel-kanitlar-isiginda-bu-iddialar-tartismali-olsa-da","tag-avci-toplayici-topluluklari-nil-vadisine-goc-etmeye-zorlamistir-bu-goc-dalgasi","tag-bazi-alternatif-tarih-arastirmacilari","tag-bolgedeki-insan-yerlesiminin-500-000-yil-oncesine-kadar-dayandigini-gostermektedir-hassan","tag-bu-birligi-saglayan-kisi-efsanevi-kral-menestir-ancak-arkeolojik-buluntular","tag-bu-surecin-kral-narmer-tarafindan-gerceklestirildigini-gostermektedir-hierakonpoliste-bulunan-narmer-levhasi","tag-bu-uygarligin-kokenlerini","tag-giris-misir-tarihine-bakis-eski-misir","tag-insanligin-kolektif-hafizasinda-onemli-bir-yer-tutmaktadir-eski-misir-uygarliginin-kokenleri-arkeologlar-ve-misirbilimciler-egiptologlar","tag-insanlik-tarihinin-en-uzun-soluklu-ve-en-etkileyici-medeniyetlerinden-biri-olarak-kabul-edilir-yaklasik-5000-yil-boyunca-gelismis-bir-kultur-ve-devlet-yapisini-surduren-bu-uygarlik","tag-kayip-medeniyet-efsanelerinin-kokeni","tag-misir-uygarliginin-kokenlerini-mu-kitasi","tag-misir-uygarliginin-paleolitik-caga-kadar-uzandigini-ortaya-koymaktadir-nil-vadisinde-bulunan-tas-aletler","tag-misirda-neolitik-cilali-tas-cagi-kulturunun-gelismesine-yol-acmis-ve-ilk-tarimsal-koyler-olusmaya-baslamistir-butzer","tag-narmerin-yukari-ve-asagi-misiri-fethederek-birlesik-bir-krallik-kurdugunu-gostermektedir-wilkinson","tag-ozellikle-piramitleri","tag-sahra-bolgesinde-meydana-gelen-kuraklasma-sureci","tag-siyasal-yapisini-ve-dini-inanislarini-kapsamli-sekilde-ele-almaktadir-ancak","tag-yukari-ve-asagi-misirin-birlesmesiyle-gerceklesmistir-geleneksel-anlatiya-gore"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1383","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1383"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1383\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1383"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1383"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1383"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}