{"id":285,"date":"2020-02-07T17:28:15","date_gmt":"2020-02-07T14:28:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/?p=285"},"modified":"2025-04-12T22:48:10","modified_gmt":"2025-04-12T19:48:10","slug":"ronesansin-dogusu-ve-georgius-gemistus-plethon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/hermetik-ogretinin-fisiltisi\/ronesansin-dogusu-ve-georgius-gemistus-plethon\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu\u00a0ve Georgius Gemistus Plethon"},"content":{"rendered":"

5.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 15.y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden uzak kalan Avrupa toplumlar\u0131 bin y\u0131l karanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ya\u015farken Do\u011fuda \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ilim ve hikmetin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Ancak son zamanlarda giderek ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fczle\u015fen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar, art\u0131k eskisi gibi resmi din ve mezhep tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131maz olmu\u015ftu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hermetik kitaplara sahip \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli Hermes \u00fcstatlar\u0131, yollara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler ve bunlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey \u0130talya\u2019da bir \u015fehir devleti olan ve her t\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye ve inanca toleransl\u0131 davranan Floransa\u2019ya ka\u00e7t\u0131lar. Floransa\u2019da bu bilgelik felsefesi yine k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmelere ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Floransa\u2019ya gelenlerden biri de Gemistus Pletho\u2019ydu. Bizansl\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelen Gemistus, (D. 1355) ailesi taraf\u0131ndan iyi bir \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rmesi i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Ba\u015fkenti olan Edirne\u2019de (Adrianapolis) Ba\u011fdat ve Kahire medreselerinin tedrisat modelini uygulayan Edirne Medresesi\u2019ne g\u00f6nderdi. Medrese\u2019de Arap\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frenmenin yan\u0131nda matematik, astroloji, kimya, t\u0131p ve felsefe \u00f6\u011frenimi de g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00d6zellikle Plothon\u2019un kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 okuyarak Antik Yunan filozoflar\u0131na ilgi duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Antik Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n Hermetik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden etkilendi\u011fini fark etti. Bu alanda ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve incelemeler yapt\u0131. Hen\u00fcz Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmemi\u015f olan Kostantinepolis\u2019in k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerindeki Antik Yunan filozoflar\u0131na ait kitaplar\u0131 incelemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Helen Medeniyetini yeniden kurma fikrine sahip oldu. Bu ama\u00e7la \u00e7e\u015fitli kitaplar yazd\u0131 okullar a\u00e7t\u0131 dersler verdi. Hermetik ve laik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden dolay\u0131 Bizans kilisesiyle aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ancak imparatorluk taraf\u0131ndan himaye edilerek aforoz edilmekten kurtuldu. Elde etti\u011fi Hermetik kitaplar\u0131 da alarak Floransa\u2019ya gitti. (1438)<\/span><\/p>\n

Floransal\u0131 h\u00fcmanistlerin teklifiyle Platon ve Aristoteles aras\u0131ndaki fark \u00fczerine ders vermek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ici bir okul kurdu. O zamana kadar Aristocu felsefe benimseyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri etkileyerek Platoncu sezgisel ve mistik idea \u00f6\u011fretisini benimsetti. Bu nedenle kendisine II. Plathon unvan\u0131 verildi. Floransa’n\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda iyiliksever ve \u00e2lim bir ki\u015fi olan Cosimo di Medici, Gemistus\u2019tan etkilenerek Plathon Akedemisi\u2019ni kurudu. Gemistus da o zamana kadar Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n hi\u00e7 bilmedi\u011fi Plathon ve Hermes\u2019e ait kitaplar\u0131 akademiye ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131 ve bu kitaplar\u0131n \u00e7evirisini yapt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndaki Antik Yunan medeniyetinin kuruldu\u011fu Atina ve Sparta antik kentlerinin yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Mistra kentine giden Gemistus, \u00f6lene kadar buralarda ya\u015fad\u0131. J. Monfasani’ye g\u00f6re Gemistus II. Plathon, Mistra’da 1452’de veya 1454’te \u00f6ld\u00fc (iki tarih aras\u0131ndaki fark, Plethon’un\u00a01453’te\u00a0Konstantinopolis’in<\/a>\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc hala bilip bilmedi\u011fine g\u00f6re anlaml\u0131yd\u0131\u00a0).\u00a01466’da Plathon Akademisi\u2019ndeki bir grup \u0130talyan \u00f6\u011frenci taraf\u0131ndan mezar kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 Mistra’dan \u00e7al\u0131narak Floransa\u2019ya getirildi. B\u00f6ylece, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6\u011fretmen \u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar aras\u0131nda olabilecekti.\u201d\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Floransa Platon Akademisi\u2019nde bir araya gelen h\u00fcmanist, mistik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 R\u00f6nesans hareketinden Leonardo da Vinci,\u00a0Michelangelo, Botticelli ve Raphael gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat\u00e7\u0131lar derinden etkilenerek\u00a0eserlerinde kadim Pagan tanr\u0131sallar\u0131n\u0131 betimlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cosimo di Medici, belki h\u00e2l\u00e2 ke\u015ffedilmeyi bekleyen di\u011fer kay\u0131p Pagan eserlerini aray\u0131p bulmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in akademi \u00f6\u011frencilerini Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en eski \u015fehirlerindeki k\u00fct\u00fcphanelere g\u00f6nderir. \u00a01460 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu \u00f6\u011frencilerden biri \u00dc\u00e7 Kere Y\u00fcce Hermes’in kay\u0131p eserleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r ve bu kitaplar\u0131 Floransa’ya getirir. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin en eski medeniyetlerine ait bilgi birikimine sahip kitaplarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n sevincini ya\u015fayan Cosimo, Akademi\u2019de Plathon\u2019un eserlerini \u00e7evirmekle me\u015fgul olan Marsilio Ficino’ya di\u011fer \u00e7eviri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ara vererek hemen bu yeni M\u0131s\u0131r metnine ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 emreder. Cosimo, Ficino\u2019nun \u00e7evirdi\u011fi Hermes \u00f6\u011fretilerini okurken b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mutluluk ve huzur i\u00e7inde \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce \u0130skenderiye, Harran ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta oldu\u011fu gibi, Floransa\u2019da ba\u015flayan \u201cBilim, sanat, edebiyat, felsefe ve din disiplinler aras\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n her bir y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle dini, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplumun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve inanc\u0131 \u00fczerindeki otoritesini kaybedece\u011fini fark eden Roma Katolik Kilisesi yetkilileri, Fransa kral\u0131n\u0131n ordu yard\u0131m\u0131yla 1492’de Floransa Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne son vererek, \u015fehri yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131. Fakat ak\u0131l ve bilim g\u00fcne\u015finin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 parlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve insanlar, g\u00f6zleri kama\u015farak bin y\u0131ll\u0131k cehalet uykusundan uyanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Floransal\u0131 bilim ve fikir adamlar\u0131 Avrupa’n\u0131n her k\u00f6\u015fesine da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar ve “Be\u015finci \u00d6z” ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nd\u0131lar. 200 y\u0131ldan daha k\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7inde R\u00f6nesans; bilim, sanat, heykel, moda, edebiyat ve felsefe \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla Avrupa’y\u0131 fethetmi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Hermetika’dan ilham alan ki\u015filerin listesi \u00e7ok uzun olacakt\u0131r: Leonardo da Vinci, D\u00fcrer, Botticelli, Roger Bacon, Paracelsus, Thomas Moore, William Blake, Kepler, Kopernik, Isaac Newton, Sir Walter Raleigh, Milton, Ben Johnson, Daniel Defoe, Shelley ve e\u015fi Mary, Victor Hugo ve Cari Jung. Shakespeare, John Donne, John Dee ve Krali\u00e7e I. Elizabeth’in saray \u00e7evresinde yer alan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fair-filozoflar\u0131 da derinden etkilemi\u015f olmakla birlikte, Avrupa’da Protestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flatan Reform hareketlerine \u00f6nderlik eden ki\u015filer de kendi paylar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015feni alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6neminde Hermetik k\u00fclliyat\u0131n yirmi iki bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen muhtevas\u0131ndaki ahlaki ve mistik ilkeler unutulunca Hermes\u00e7ilik \u00f6\u011fretisi s\u0131radanla\u015ft\u0131; ruhsal ve zihinsel ilerleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yerini d\u0131\u015f boyuttaki teknolojik ve bilimsel ilerlemelere b\u0131rakt\u0131. Hermes\u00e7iler\u2019in ruhta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri devrim R\u00f6nesans ayd\u0131nlar\u0131nca unutuldu ve devrim sadece d\u0131\u015fta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bu da \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insan\u0131n huzursuz, doyumsuz y\u00fcksek egolu insanlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine sebep oldu.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Mahmut Erol K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, \u201cHermes\u201d TDV \u0130slam Ans. mad.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

5.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 15.y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden uzak kalan Avrupa toplumlar\u0131 bin y\u0131l karanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ya\u015farken Do\u011fuda \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ilim ve hikmetin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Ancak son zamanlarda giderek ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fczle\u015fen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar, art\u0131k eskisi gibi resmi din ve mezhep tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131maz olmu\u015ftu. Hermetik kitaplara sahip \u00f6zg\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":721,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[359],"tags":[1200,1219,1213,274,1201,271,1220,1205,269,273,1216,1203,1218,1207,1202,1209,1217,1223,1221,1211,272,1212,1208,1224,1204,270,1210,1206,1226,1214,1106,1228,1227,1215,268,267,1222,1231,1225,1199,1230,1229],"class_list":["post-285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hermetik-ogretinin-fisiltisi","tag-avrupa-toplumlari","tag-bilim-ve-felsefe","tag-botticelli","tag-cosimo-di-medici","tag-dogu-islam-dunyasi","tag-floransa","tag-floransa-cumhuriyeti","tag-gemistus-pletho","tag-georgius-gemistus-plethon","tag-hermes-ogretileri","tag-hermetik-etkiler","tag-hermetik-kitaplar","tag-hermetik-ogretisi","tag-humanizm","tag-ilmi-altin-cag","tag-italyan-humanistleri","tag-kayip-pagan-eserleri","tag-kepler","tag-kilise-baskisi","tag-leonardo-da-vinci","tag-marsilio-ficino","tag-michelangelo","tag-mistisizm","tag-newton","tag-ozgur-dusunce","tag-plathon-akedemisi","tag-platon-akedemisi","tag-platoncu-sezgi","tag-protestan-reformu","tag-raphael","tag-ronesans","tag-ronesans-aydinlari","tag-ronesans-donemi-etkisi","tag-ronesans-sanatcilari","tag-ronesansin-dogusu","tag-ronesansin-dogusu-ve-georgius-gemistus-plethon","tag-ronesansin-yayilmasi","tag-ruhsal-huzursuzluk","tag-shakespeare","tag-skolastik-dusunce","tag-teknolojik-ilerlemeler","tag-zihinsel-devrim"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Platon-Eflatun.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=285"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/285\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=285"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/leyhatlari.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}